Mixed sites: assessing carnivore, Neanderthal, and abiotic agency at Buena Pinta Cave (Pinilla del Valle, Madrid, Spain)

Understanding taphonomic processes is essential for reconstructing past environmental dynamics and interpreting mixed sites, where successive occupations by different biological agents have occurred and, in many cases, have been modified by post-depositional processes. Such is the case in the western part of Buena Pinta Cave (Pinilla del Valle, Madrid). In this study, three Units with different taphonomic histories were analysed. Unit 32 A contains fossil remains that were incorporated by low-energy water currents during the cave’s opening. Unit 23 shows an accumulation of bone remains that were resedimented and reworked by a high-energy current, which illustrates how post-depositional processes can create an assemblage with asynchronous taphocoenoses embedded in the same geological event. Finally, Unit 2/3 contains a bone assemblage that was primarily produced by hyenas, although it may also have been used sporadically by Neanderthals and other small carnivores. These findings provide a reference for comparison and evaluation of other archaeo-palaeontological sites with similar problems in caves and mixed sites.

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Location of Calvero de la Higuera. A: Location of the sites on the map of the Iberian Peninsula. B: Orthophoto of the group of sites in the Calvero de la Higuera complex: 1. Camino Cave; 2. Navalmaíllo Rockshelter; 3. Buena Pinta Cave; 4. Des-Cubierta Cave. C: Stratigraphic column of the western area. D: Aerial view of the sites, showing the area of analysis ©Javier Trueba (Madrid Scientific Films)

References

Mielgo C., Huguet R., Moclán A., et al. 2025 – Mixed sites: assessing carnivore, Neanderthal, and abiotic agency at Buena Pinta Cave (Pinilla del Valle, Madrid, Spain) – Archaeol Anthropol Sci 17, 101 – https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-025-02214-6